Basic Patterns Application Profile

Purpose

To document how various facets of LINCS data are modelled, along with reference authorities for the populating vocabularies. This will provide a basis for instruction for how to model data in a LINCS-compatible manner, as well as aid in navigation and discovery.

“Basic Patterns” describes patterns that are used across all facets of the data: they are general concepts that are important basic building blocks for more specific data patterns.

This document introduces the concepts as used by LINCS, and are not complete definitions of the CIDOC CRM ontology class or property concepts. Consult CIDOC CRM v. 7.1.1 documentation for full class descriptions and property descriptions.

Acronyms

Ontology Acronyms:

CRM - CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model

Vocabulary and Authority Acronyms:

AAT - Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus
Biography - The LINCS Biography Vocabulary
Context - The LINCS Context Vocabulary
Event - The LINCS Event Vocabulary
Identity - The LINCS Identity Vocabulary
LINCS - LINCS minted entities
LOC - Library of Congress
Wikidata - Wikimedia Knowledge Base

Main Classes

Entity type	Class	Declaration Snippet (TTL)
Identifier	crm:E42_Identifier	`<identifier> a crm:E42_Identifier ; rdfs:label "<identifier>" .`
Linguistic identifier	crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation	`<linguistic_identifier> a crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation ; rdfs:label "<linguistic_identifier>" .`
Type	crm:E55_Type	`<type> a crm:E55_Type ; rdfs:label "<type>" .`
Activity	crm:E7_Activity	`<activity> a crm:E7_Activity ; rdfs:label "<activity_descriptor>" .`
Time-Span	crm:E52_Time-Span	`<time-span> a crm:E52_Time-Span ; rdfs:label "Datetime of <event>" .`
Place	crm:E53_Place	`<place> a crm:E53_Place ; rdfs:label "<place>" .`
Actors	crm:E39_Actor (subclasses E21, E74 where possible)	`<actor> a crm:E39_Actor ; rdfs:label "<actor>" .`
Role	crm:PC14_carried_out_by	`<person_in_role> a crm:PC14_carried_out_by ; rdfs:label "<person> in the role of <role_type>" .`
Thing	crm:E70_Thing (subclasses where possible)	`<thing> a crm:E70_Thing ; rdfs:label "<thing>" .`
Linguistic Object	crm:E33_Linguistic_Object	`<text> a crm:E33_Linguistic_Object ; rdfs:label "<text_descriptor>" .`
Visual Item	crm:E36_Visual_Item	`<image> a crm:E36_Visual_Item ; rdfs:label "Image of <entity>" .`
Attribute Assignment	crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment	`<assertion> a crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment ; rdfs:label "<assertion_descriptor>" .`

Overview Diagram

Below is an image of the application profile overview diagram. Follow this link for a zoomable, more readable version. The segments below align with the document sections.

Nodes

Identifiers

Unique Identifiers

Unique identifiers are a way that a data creator or owner refers to an entity: common occurrences of this are an accession number, call number, or internal identifier field in a database. These can contain numbers, letters, and other characters, but are not linguistic in nature.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity is identified by an identifier.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm:E42_Identifier → crm:P2_has_type → crm` `aat:300404012` `→ crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → rdfs:literal`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI (preferably dereferenceable); rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The University of Saskatchewan Art Gallery dataset states that there is an object that is identified by the accession number “2020.008.008.” `<usask:3359> → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm:E42_Identifier → crm:P2_has_type → <aat:300404012>, <aat:300312355>, <lincs:gVZ8ETZwMQS> → crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → “2020.008.008”`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		The Getty Research Institute. (2017, March 7). Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online. https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		Use at least two (2) E55_Types on each identifier: generic (from existing linked data vocabulary) or project-specific (minted for project). Always use the Getty AAT term for unique identifiers . Additional are optional for precision (e.g., the Getty AAT term for accession numbers ).
Projects Following This Pattern		All projects

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ;  
    rdfs:label "<entity>" ;
    crm:P1_is_identified_by <entity_identifier> .

<entity_identifier> a crm:E42_Identifier ;
    rdfs:label "Unique identifier of <entity>" 
    crm:P2_has_type <http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404012>, 
    <project_identifier_type> ; 
    crm:P190_has_symbolic_content "<entity_identifier>" .

<http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404012> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "unique identifiers" . 

<project_identifier_type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<project> identifiers" .

Linguistic Identifiers (Appellations)

Identifiers that are made up of words—like titles or names—are referred to as “linguistic identifiers” or “linguistic appellations.” The class used to represent these is a combination of E41_Appellation and E33_Linguistic_Identifier, referred to as E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation in the RDF implementation of CIDOC CRM.

For more on person names, see the relevant section of the People and Organizations Application Profile.
For more on place names, see the relevant section of the Places Application Profile.
For more on object and artifact titles, see the relevant section in the Physical Objects Application Profile.
For more on titles of bibliographic records, see the relevant section in the Conceptual Objects Application Profile.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity is identified by a linguistic identifier.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation` `crm:P2_has_type → crm:E55_Type crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → rdfs:literal`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI (preferably dereferenceable); rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The University of Saskatchewan Art Gallery dataset states that there is an object with the title “Antics.” `<usask:3359> → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation` `crm:P2_has_type → <aat:300417193> crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → “Antics”`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		The Getty Research Institute. (2017, March 7). Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online. https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		Use at least one (1) E55_Type on each linguistic identifier specifying what it is (e.g., name, title, etc.).
Projects Following This Pattern		All projects

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity>" ; 
    crm:P1_is_identified_by <entity_name_or_title> .

<entity_name_or_title> a crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation ; 
    rdfs:label "Linguistic identifier of <entity>" ; 
    crm:P2_has_type <type> ; 
    crm:P190_has_symbolic_content "<entity_name_or_title>" .

<type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<type>" .

Identifiers as Parts of Other Identifiers

Identifiers, in particular linguistic appellations, can be made up of components that are themselves uniquely identified: for example, a full name may contain a first name and last name as its parts.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that a linguistic identifier is made up of constituent parts.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm` `1` `→ crm:P106_is_composed_of → crm2` crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P1_is_identified_by → crm 2 → crm:P106i_forms_part_of → crm 1
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Map of Early Modern London Personography dataset states that <https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BACO1> has the display name of “Sir Nicholas Bacon,” which is itself made up of “Sir,” “Nicholas,” and “Bacon.” `<https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BACO1> → crm:P1_is_identified_by →` `<http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/foaf_name/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon> → crm:P106_is_composed_of → <http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/foaf_firstName/Nicholas> <https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BACO1> → crm:P1_is_identified_by → <http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/foaf_firstName/Nicholas> → crm:P106i_forms_part_of → <http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/foaf_name/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		N/A
Projects Following This Pattern		AdArchive, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, MoEML Persons, Orlando

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity>" ; 
    crm:P1_is_identified_by <entity_name_or_title_full>,
    <entity_name_or_title_part_1>,
    <entity_name_or_title_part_2> .

<entity_name_or_title_full> a crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation ; 
    rdfs:label "Linguistic identifier of <entity>" ; 
    crm:P106_is_composed_of <entity_name_or_title_part_1>,
    <entity_name_or_title_part_2> .

<entity_name_or_title_part_1> a crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity_name_or_title_part_1>" ; 
    crm:P106i_forms_part_of <entity_name_or_title_full> .

<entity_name_or_title_part_2> a crm:E33_E41_Linguistic_Appellation ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity_name_or_title_part_2>" ; 
    crm:P106i_forms_part_of <entity_name_or_title_full> .

Identifier Use Time-Spans

To say that an identifier was used by only a specific set of people or for only a specific period of time, use the Attribute Assignment pattern (see Assertions and Attributions Assignment below). The time-span connected to the assertion activity represents the time-span for which the identifier was used; the actors connected to the assertion represent the individuals or groups who used the identifier.

Types

Categorization, Classification, and Other Conceptual Groupings

All entities can be specialized, categorized, classified, or otherwise described using E55 Type.

Application profile categorization, classification, and other conceptual groupings

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity has a type.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P2_has_type → crm:E55_Type`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Orlando dataset states that the name Louise May Alcott is a preferred name type. `<cwrc_data:alcolo_NameEnt_Louisa_May_Alcott> → crm:P2_has_type → <biography:preferredName>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		Brown, S., Cummings, J., Drudge-Wilson, J., Faulkner, C., Lemak, A., Martin, K., Mo, A., Penancier, J., Simpson, J., Singh, G., Stacey, D., & Warren, R. (2020, July 14). The CWRC Ontology Specification 0.99.86. The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory. https://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc.html#
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern
Projects Following This Pattern		All projects

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity>" ;
    crm:P2_has_type <entity_type> .

<entity_type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity_type>" .

Type Categories

Types can have broader or narrower types; this starts the creation of a structured vocabulary. For more on vocabularies, see the following section.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that a type has a broader concept.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	crm:E55_Type → crm:P127_has_broader_term → crm:E55_Type
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Anthologia Palatina dataset declares that a keyword has a broader term. `<lincs:keyword/1288> → crm:P127_has_broader_term → <lincs:keyword/category/9>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		N/A
Projects Following This Pattern		Anthologia Palatina, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology

Pattern in TTL:

<type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<type>" ;
    crm:P127_has_broader_term <type_catgeory> .

<type_catgeory> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<type_catgeory>" .

Vocabularies

Generally speaking, a vocabulary is a collection of terms that are used to describe a given domain. It is a generic term to refer to sets of concepts that could be concretely described in an ontology, taxonomy, or thesaurus. LINCS seeks to distinguish between the ontologies (used for structure) and the vocabularies (used for content) present in its data: while the ontology provides high-level categorization and relationships between entities, vocabularies enable semantic specificity in the label and definition for a particular type of thing.

While LINCS encourages the use of existing linked data vocabularies, in some cases, new vocabularies have been created and hosted within LINCS to provide domain-specific terms not readily available in other external authorities. In these cases, terms are classed as skos:Concept as well as crm:E55_Type, and utilize SKOS properties as well as those from CIDOC CRM. These vocabularies are made available for discovery and reuse using LINCS SKOSMOS.

For more on discovering and using existing linked data vocabularies, see LINK TO VOCAB.

Talking about Entities

Describing or Referencing an Entity

CIDOC CRM has two ways to model textual statements made about an entity: through a direct path using the property P3_has_note, or a longer path through P67i_is_referred_to_by to an E33_Linguistic_Object. The longer path is used in the majority of cases at LINCS, as this supports other statements about the textual item to be made, such as asserting what type of statement it is and who made it. This is particularly useful when different kinds of notes are made about an entity; for example, it is necessary to differentiate a curator’s note from a conservator’s note about an object while still modeling them both as notes about the same object. By treating it as an entity, it is also possible to say further things about the text, such as who wrote it and when.

Note - Full Path

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity has a note.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P67i_is_referred_to_by → crm:E33_Linguistic_Object → crm:P2_has_type → crm:E55_Type → crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → rdfs:literal`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI (preferably dereferenceable); rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The University of Saskatchewan Art Gallery dataset states that there is an object that has a statement describing the materials used to make it. `<usask:2899> → crm:P67i_is_referred_to_by → crm:E33_Linguistic_Object → crm:P2_has_type → <aat:300435429> → crm:P190_has_symbolic_content → “cibachrome on fujicolor paper”`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	The Map of Early Modern London Gazetteer states that St. Saviour (Southwark) is the main subject of a text. `<moeml:STSA1> → crm:P129i_is_subject_of → crm:E33_Linguistic_Object → crm:P2_has_type → <lincs:description> → crm:P190_has_symbolic_content →` `“St. Saviour (Southwark) dates back at least to 1106. It was originally known by the name St. Mary Overies, with Overies referring to its being over the Thames, that is, on its southern bank. After the period of the Dissolution, the church was rededicated and renamed St. Saviour (Sugden 335). St. Saviour (Southwark) is visible on the Agas map along New Rents street in Southwark. It is marked with the label S. Mary Owber.”`
Resource Links		The Getty Research Institute. (2017, March 7). Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online. https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/
Discussion Elements Pertaining to The Pattern		When using E33_Linguistic_Object, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each instance specifying what kind of text it is. This pattern can be used for any information item that discusses the entity in question. When seeking to say that the entity is not just discussed or referenced by the text statement, but is the main subject of it, P129i_is_subject_of can be used instead.
Projects Following This Pattern		All projects

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
    rdfs:label "<entity>" ;
    crm:P67i_is_referred_to_by <entity_note> .

<entity_note> a crm:E33_Linguistic_Object ; 
    rdfs:label "<type> statement for <entity>" ;
    crm:P2_has_type <type> ; 
    crm:P190_has_symbolic_content "<note>" .

<type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<type>" .

Note - Short Path

Application profile note short path

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity has a note.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P3_has_note → rdfs:literal`
Content Values	Type of Value	Literal value (text)
	Expected Value	Literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Orlando dataset states that there is a note associated with an entity. `<cwrc_data:alcolo_BirthEvent_0> → crm:P3_has_note →` `“29 November 1832: LMA was born in Germantown near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.”`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When it is known, add a language tag to the rdfs:literal contents to specify the language of the text (e.g., “@en” for English).
Projects Following This Pattern		AdArchive, MoEML Persons, Orlando

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
	rdfs:label "<entity>" ;	
	crm:P3_has_note "<note>"@en .

Visual Representations of an Entity

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity is represented by an image.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → crm:P138i_has_representation → crm:E36_Visual_Item`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The AdArchive dataset states that the Heresies 6 Praxis advertisement (lincs:ASOL_NRr02h) is represented by an image. `<lincs:ASOL_NRr02h> → crm:P138i_has_representation →` `<https://iiif.archivelab.org/iiif/heresies_04$127/ 1341,57,934,1415/full/0/default.jpg>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		IIIF Consortium. (n.d.). International Image Interoperability Framework. https://iiif.io
Discussion Elements Pertaining to the Pattern		N/A
Projects Following this Pattern		AdArchive, Anthologia Palatina, HistSex, University of Saskatchewan Art Gallery

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
	rdfs:label "<entity>" ;	
	crm:P138i_has_representation <image> .

<image> a crm:E36_Visual_Item ; 
	rdfs:label "Image of <entity>" .

Assertions and Attribution Assignment

The E13_Attribute_Assignment class can be used to connect any assertion about an entity to the entity in question: this is a wider concept than P67i_is_referred_to_by, which only says that a text source discusses or makes mention of an entity. This core pattern is used and extended by LINCS in three primary additional areas:

Connecting metadata to data objects. For more on this, see the Sources & Metadata Application Profile.
Supporting the integration of the Web Annotation Data Model for representing contextual information and nuanced data provenance. For more on this, see the Sources & Metadata Application Profile.
Representing that statements about an actor’s identity have been made without implying anything further about the accuracy of those claims: this pattern is used to say that, for example, a biographer described Louisa May Alcott to be a woman, and not saying whether or not Louisa May Alcott is or is not a woman. For more on this, see People & Organizations Application Profile - Identities.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an entity has had an attribute associated with it.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E1_CRM_Entity → P140i_was_attributed_by → E13_Attribute Assignment → P141_assigned → crm:E1_CRM_Entity`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable; rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Orlando dataset states that Rosamund Marriort Watson was attributed with having a gender of woman. `cwrc_data:9e381429-5019-48dd-88fd-79e8b3f4825f → crm:P140i_was_attributed_by → crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment → crm:P2_has_type → <context:GenderContext> → crm:P141_assigned → crm:E7_Activity → crm:P2_has_type → <event:GenderEvent> → crm:P16_used_specific_object → <identity:woman>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		Brown, S., Cummings, J., Drudge-Wilson, J., Faulkner, C., Lemak, A., Martin, K., Mo, A., Penancier, J., Simpson, J., Singh, G., Stacey, D., & Warren, R. (2020, July 14). The CWRC Ontology Specification 0.99.86. The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory. https://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc.html#
Discussion Elements Pertaining to the Pattern		To say who made the assertion, use the P14_carried_out_by pattern (see Performing below). To say that a source, such as a text, was used as the basis for the claim, use the P16_used_specific_object pattern (see Using Specific Objects below).. To say that a source, such as a text, describes the assertion (as opposed to being used for it), use the P67i_is_referred_to or P129i_is_subject_of pattern (see Describing or Referencing an Entity below). To represent the level of certainty with which the assertion was made, use the P2_has_type pattern (see Types above).
Projects Following this Pattern		AdArchive, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, MoEML Gazetteer, Orlando, Yellow Nineties

Pattern in TTL:

<entity> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
	rdfs:label "<entity>" ;	
	crm:P140i_was_attributed_by <assertion_activity> .

<assertion_activity> a crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment ;
	rdfs:label "Attribute assignment for <entity>" ; 
	crm:P141_assigned <assigned> .

<assertion> a crm:E1_CRM_Entity ; 
	rdfs:label "<thing_asserted>" .

Activities

Events, activities, and their subclasses are the ways that people or things are brought together with other people, at points of time and in locations. Subclasses have their own unique properties, but at a high level the following categories apply to all:

When the activity occurred (time-span)
Where the activity occurred (location)
Who participated in the activity (roles)
Optionally—what was used in the activity (using things)

Events and Activities

While crm:E5_Event is a superclass to time-based occurrences, it is not used directly in LINCS data: instead, a more specific subclass is used. In LINCS, the most generic class that is used is E7_Activity, a direct subclass of E5_Event. A key difference between these two classes is in their relationship to actors: E7_Activity instances are Events that were carried out by one or more persons. While actors are able to participate and be present for instances of E5_Event, this superclass is not within range of the crm:P14_carried_out_by property, which is used to show active participation.

Time-Spans of Activities

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an event occurred in a time-span.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E5_Event → P4_has_time_span → E52_Time-Span → crm:P82_within → rdfs:literal → crm:P82a_begin_of_the_begin → xsd:date → crm:P82b_end_of_the_end → xsd:date`
Content Values	Type of Value	Literal value (text); date-time value
	Expected Value	Literal value from project dataset; date-time value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	rdfs:literal; xsd:dateTime
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Map of Early Modern London Personography dataset declares that Sir Nicholas Bacon was born in a birth event (crm:E67_Birth, subclass of crm:E5_Event) that took place in the year 1510. `<http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/birth/BACO1> → crm:P4_has_time_span → crm:E52_Time_Span → crm:P82_at_some_time_within → “1510” → crm:P82a_begin_of_the_begin → “1510-01-01T00:00:00”^^xsd:dateTime → crm:P82b_end_of_the_end → “1510-12-31T23:59:59”^^xsd:dateTime`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	Dates will not always be so precise as to be able to support a start (P82a) and end (P82b) property; sometimes only a starting or ending date may be known. For example, the Map of Early Modern London Personography dataset declares that Edward the Confessor was born in a birth event (crm:E67_Birth, subclass of crm:E5_Event) that took place after 1003. `<http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/birth/EDWA7> → crm:P4_has_time_span → crm:E52_Time_Span → crm:P82_at_some_time_within → “After 1510” → crm:P82a_begin_of_the_begin → “ 1510-12-31T00:00:00”^^xsd:dateTime` The Map of Early Modern London Personography dataset declares that Christine Barantyn was born in a birth event (crm:E67_Birth, subclass of crm:E5_Event) that took place before 1415. `<http://temp.lincsproject.ca/persons/birth/BARA2> → crm:P4_has_time_span → crm:E52_Time_Span → crm:P82_at_some_time_within → “Before 1415” → crm:P82b_end_of_the_end → “ 1415-01-01T00:00:00”^^xsd:dateTime`
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is.
Projects Following This Pattern		All projects

Pattern in TTL:

<event_or_activity> a crm:E5_Event ;
    rdfs:label "<event_or_activity>" ;
    crm:P4_has_time-span <event_or_activity_dateTime> .

<event_or_activity_dateTime> a crm:E52_Time-Span ;
    crm:P82_at_some_time_within "<event_or_activity_dateTime>" ;
    crm:P82a_begin_of_the_begin 
        "<event_or_activityt_dateTime>"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    crm:P82b_end_of_the_end 
        "<event_or_activity_dateTime>"^^xsd:dateTime .

Locations of Activities

For more on places, see the Places Application Profile.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an event occurred in a place.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E5_Event → P7_took_place_at → E53_Place`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology dataset states that the production event (crm:E12_Production, subclass of crm:E5_Event) that produced the artwork “CCEA1995.69 - Sipsi” took place in Turkey. `<lincs:production_uri/CCEA1995.69> → crm:P7_took_place_at → <geonames:298795>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		Unxos GmbH. (2020, March 8). GeoNames. https://www.geonames.org/about.html
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is.
Projects Following This Pattern		Anthologia Palatina, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, Orlando, Yellow Nineties Personography

Pattern in TTL:

<event_or_activity> a crm:E5_Event ;
    rdfs:label "<event_or_activity>" ;
	crm:P7_took_place_at <place> .

<place> a crm:E53_Place ;
	rdfs:label "<place>" .

Participating in Activities

Participating

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an actor participated in an event.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E5_Event → P11_had_participant → crm:E39_Actor`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	In the Yellow Nineties Personography dataset, contribution to the creation of Yellow Nineties is identified by a string value (direct, indirect). Antonio Ferriera’s contribution is identified in this dataset as “indirect.” `<y90s:ferriera-antonio/> → crm:P11i_participated_in → <lincs:tQmPJo9trzE> → crm:P94_has_created → <lincs:FCN9TclIiYl>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		crm:E39_Actor should be implemented through one of its subclasses: crm:E21_Person when it is one (1) person, and crm:E74_Group when it is more than one. When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is.
Projects Following This Pattern		Orlando, Yellow Nineties Personography

Pattern in TTL:

<event_or_activity> a crm:E5_Event ;
    rdfs:label "<event_or_activity>" ;
	crm:P11_had_participant <actor> .

<actor> a crm:E39_Actor ;
	rdfs:label "<actor>" .

Performing

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an actor performed an activity.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E7_Activity → P14_carried_out_by → crm:E39_Actor`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Yellow Nineties Personography dataset declares that Rosamund Marriott Watson shared a friendship with William Sharp. Their relationship is manifested as a unique crm:E7_Activity. `<lincs:ZWFQzDOpYiK> → crm:P14_carried_out_by →` `<https://personography.1890s.ca/persons/marriott-watson-rosamund/>, <https://personography.1890s.ca/persons/sharp-william/>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	When a person acts according to a certain role, such as an author or publisher in the creation of a book, the PC14 pattern is used to represent this. See Roles below.
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is. crm:E39_Actor should be implemented through one of its subclasses: crm:E21_Person when it is one (1) person, and crm:E74_Group when it is more than one.
Projects Following This Pattern		AdArchive, Anthologia Palatina, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, HistSex, Orlando, University of Saskatchewan Art Gallery, Yellow Nineties Personography

Pattern in TTL:

<activity> a crm:E7_Activity ;
    rdfs:label "<activity>" ;
	crm:P14_carried_out_by <actor> .

<actor> a crm:E39_Actor ;
	rdfs:label "<actor>" .

Roles

LINCS implements the CIDOC CRM “Property Class” extension to represent types of participation. This is known as “reification,” in which the property P14_carried_out_by becomes the class PC14_carried_out.

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an actor performed an activity by taking on a specific role.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E7_Activity → crm:P01i_is_domain_of → crm:PC14_carried_out_by → crm:P02_has_range → crm:E39_Actor → crm:P14.1_in_the_role_of → crm:E55_Type`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable; rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology dataset states that the recording of Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology object CCE2000.2.626 was carried out by Ampex Records in the role of “record label.” `<lincs:production_uri/CCE2000.2.626> → crm:P01i_is_domain_of → <lincs:record_label_pc/CCE2000.2.626>` `(→ crm:P2_has_type → <wikidata:Q18127>) → crm:P02_has_range → <lincs:label_group/Ampex_Records>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	This pattern can also apply to roles played in relationship activities. For more on this, see the Persons & Organizations Application Profile. The Yellow Nineties Personography dataset declares that Rosamund Marriott Watson and Andrew Lang shared a mentorship relationship wherein Marriott Watson was the mentee and Lang was the mentor. `<y90s:marriott-watson-rosamund/> → crm:P02i_is_range_of → crm:PC14_carried_out_by → crm:P14.1_in_the_role_of → <persrel:mentor> → crm:P01_has_domain → crm:E7_Activity → crm:P2_has_type → <persrel:mentorship> → crm:P01i_is_domain_of → crm:PC14_carried_out_by → crm:P14.1_in_the_role_of → <persrel:mentee> → crm:P02_has_range → <y90s:lang-andrew/>`
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is. crm:E39_Actor should be implemented through one of its subclasses: crm:E21_Person when it is one (1) person, and crm:E74_Group when it is more than one. LINCS identified three possible solutions for representing roles: local sub-properties; typed sub-activities; and reification through use of CIDOC CRM PC. LINCS made the decision to go with the third option as it provided the level of detail required by the data (which typed sub-activities may not have) without adding the overhead of maintaining local subproperties.
Projects Following This Pattern		AdArchive, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, HistSex, Orlando, Yellow Nineties Personography

Pattern in TTL:

<activity> a crm:E7_Activity ;
    rdfs:label "<activity>" ;
	crm:P01i_is_domain_of <reified_P14> .

<reified_P14> a crm:PC14_carried_out ; 
    rdfs:label "<actor> in the role of <role>" ;
    crm:P02_has_range <actor> ; 
    crm:P14.1_in_the_role_of <role> .

<actor> a crm:E39_Actor ;
	rdfs:label "<actor>" .

<role> a crm:E55:Type ; 
	rdfs:label "<role>" .

Using Things

Using Specific Objects

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that a thing was used in an activity.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E70_Thing → crm:P16i_was_used_for → crm:E7_Activity → crm:P2_has_type → crm:E55_Type`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable; rdfs:literal
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The HistSex dataset states that a HistSex record object was used for a peer review activity. `<histsex:3049> → crm:P16i_was_used_for → <lincs:review/Sex_Worker_Film_and_Arts_Festival_Archives> → crm:P2_has_type → <aat:300380321>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	The Orlando dataset states that Rosamund Marriort Watson was attributed with having a gender of woman. `<cwrc_data:9e381429-5019-48dd-88fd-79e8b3f4825f> → crm:P140i_was_attributed_by → crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment → crm:P2_has_type → <context:GenderContext> → crm:P141_assigned → crm:E7_Activity → crm:P2_has_type → <event:GenderEvent> → crm:P16_used_specific_object → <identity:woman>`
Resource Links		Brown, S., Cummings, J., Drudge-Wilson, J., Faulkner, C., Lemak, A., Martin, K., Mo, A., Penancier, J., Simpson, J., Singh, G., Stacey, D., & Warren, R. (2020, July 14). The CWRC Ontology Specification 0.99.86. The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory. https://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc.html#
Discussion Elements Pertaining to the Pattern		crm:E70_Thing should be implemented through one of its subclasses, not used directly. When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is. Datasets use this pattern explicitly in both directions (P16 and P16i), as reflected in the diagram and examples. LINCS uses this pattern as part of the larger Cultural Forms modeling pattern. For more on this, see People and Organizations - Identities.
Projects Following this Pattern		Anthologia Palatina, Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology, HistSex, Orlando, Yellow Nineties Personography

Pattern in TTL:

<thing> a crm:E70_Thing ;
    rdfs:label "<thing>" ;
    crm:P16i_was_used_for <activity> .

<activity> a crm:E7_Activity ;
    rdfs:label "<activity>" ;
    crm:P16_used_specific_object <thing> ;
    crm:P2_has_type <type> .

<type> a crm:E55_Type ; 
    rdfs:label "<type>" .

Using Types of Objects

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that a type of thing was used in an activity.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E7_Activity → crm:P125_used_object_of_type → crm:E55_Type`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); literal value (text)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS; literal value from project dataset
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable; rdfs:literal
	Example Values	locsubjects:sh85013057; “guitar”; “voice”
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology dataset states that there is a performance (activity) that was performed using bells. `<http://temp.lincsproject.ca/recordings/performance/CCE1995.2.3-1> → crm:P125_used_object_of_type → lcsh:sh85013057`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		Library of Congress. (2021, August 2). Library of Congress Subject Headings. https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		When using E7_Activity and not a more specific subclass, use at least one (1) E55_Type on each activity specifying what it is.
Projects Following This Pattern		Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology

Pattern in TTL:

<activity> a crm:E7_Activity ; 
	rdfs:label "<activity>" ;
	crm:P125_used_object_of_type <type> .

<type> a crm:E55_Type ;
	rdfs:label "<type>" .

Events as Part of Other Events

Application profile events as part of other events

Pattern/Structure Values	Definition	This pattern declares that an activity took place as part of another activity.
Pattern/Structure Values	Abstraction	`crm:E7_Activity → crm:P9_consists_of → crm:E7_Activity`
Content Values	Type of Value	Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
	Expected Value	URI from project dataset, existing linked data authority, or minted by LINCS
	Format/Requirements for the Value	URI, preferably dereferenceable
Case Examples	Typical Example & Abstraction	The HistSex dataset states that creating a HistSex record involved a peer review of that record. `<lincs:3074> → crm:P9_consists_of → <lincs:review/Independent_Voices>`
Case Examples	Edge Case Example & Abstraction	N/A
Resource Links		N/A
Discussion Elements Pertaining to This Pattern		N/A
Projects Following This Pattern		HistSex

Pattern in TTL:

<activity_1> a crm:E7_Activity ;
    rdfs:label "<activity_1>" ;
    crm:P9_consists_of <activity_2> .

<activity_2> a crm:E7_Activity ;
    rdfs:label "<activity_2>" .

Purpose​

Acronyms​

Main Classes​

Overview Diagram​

Nodes​

Identifiers​

Unique Identifiers​

Linguistic Identifiers (Appellations)​

Identifiers as Parts of Other Identifiers​

Identifier Use Time-Spans​

Types​

Categorization, Classification, and Other Conceptual Groupings​

Type Categories​

Vocabularies​

Talking about Entities​

Describing or Referencing an Entity​

Note - Full Path​

Note - Short Path​

Visual Representations of an Entity​

Assertions and Attribution Assignment​

Activities​

Events and Activities​

Time-Spans of Activities​

Locations of Activities​

Participating in Activities​

Participating​

Performing​

Roles​

Using Things​

Using Specific Objects​

Using Types of Objects​

Events as Part of Other Events​

Purpose

Acronyms

Main Classes

Overview Diagram

Nodes

Identifiers

Unique Identifiers

Linguistic Identifiers (Appellations)

Identifiers as Parts of Other Identifiers

Identifier Use Time-Spans

Types

Categorization, Classification, and Other Conceptual Groupings

Type Categories

Vocabularies

Talking about Entities

Describing or Referencing an Entity

Note - Full Path

Note - Short Path

Visual Representations of an Entity

Assertions and Attribution Assignment

Activities

Events and Activities

Time-Spans of Activities

Locations of Activities

Participating in Activities

Participating

Performing

Roles

Using Things

Using Specific Objects

Using Types of Objects

Events as Part of Other Events